The effects of different metal posts, cements, and exposure parameters on cone-beam computed tomography artifacts.

Purpose: This study assessed the intensity of artifacts produced by 2 metal posts, 2 cements, and different exposure parameters using 2 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) units. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 20 single-rooted premolars, divided into 4 groups: Ni-Cr/zinc phosphate, Ni-Cr/resin cement, Ag-Pd/zinc phosphate, and Ag-Pd/resin cement. Samples were scanned before and after post insertion and cementation using a CS9000 3D scanner with 4 exposure parameters (85/90 kV and 6.3/10 mA) and an i-CAT scanner with 120 kV and 5 mA. The presence of artifacts was assessed subjectively by 2 observers and objectively by a trained observer using ImageJ software. The Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, weighted kappa, and chi-square tests were used to assess data at a 95% confidence level (α<0.05). Results: In the subjective analyses, AgPd presented more hypodense and hyperdense lines than NiCr (P<0.05), and more hypodense halos were found using i-CAT (P<0.05) than using CS9000 3D. More hypodense halos, hypodense lines, and hyperdense lines were observed at 10 mA than at 6.3 mA (P<0.05). More hypodense halos were observed at 85 kV than at 90 kV (P<0.05). CS9000 3D presented more hypodense and hyperdense lines than i-CAT (P<0.05). In the objective analyses, AgPd presented higher percentages of hyperdense and hypodense artifacts than NiCr (P<0.05). Zinc phosphate cement presented higher hyperdense artifact percentages on CS9000 3D scans (P<0.05). CS9000 3D presented higher artifact percentages than i-CAT (P<0.05). Conclusion: High-atomic-number alloys, higher tube current, and lower tube voltage may increase the artifacts present in CBCT images.

Assessment of the Influence of Different Intracanal Materials on the Detection of Root Fracture in Birooted Teeth by Cone-beam Computed Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess 2 cone-beam computed tomographic systems on the detection of artificially induced vertical root fractures (VRFs) and artifact intensity using birooted teeth restored with different intracanal materials. METHODS: The sample consisted of 20 extracted birooted premolars. Root fracture was induced in half of the sample. Seven intracanal material combinations were used in each tooth, 1 at a time: unrestored, gutta-percha, a buccal root with gutta-percha and a lingual root with a fiberglass post, a buccal root with gutta-percha and a lingual root with a metal core fiberglass post, fiberglass posts, metal core fiberglass posts, and NiCr posts. Cone-beam computed tomographic scans were acquired using CS 9000 3D (Carestream Dental Rochester, NY) and OP300 (Instrumentarium Dental Inc, Tuusula, Finland) units. Exposure parameters were fixed at 90 kV and 8 mA. The voxel size and field of view were set at 0.085 mm and 5 × 5 cm for OP300 and 0.076 mm and 5 × 3.75 cm for CS 9000, respectively. Two observers assessed all images using a 5-point confidence scale for VRF detection and a 4-point score for artifact interference. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were compared using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). Artifact interference was evaluated by descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. RESULTS: There were significant differences between scanners (P > .05) and among the different intracanal material groups (OP300) (P < .05) for specificity. When a metal post was present in both roots, severe artifact interference was observed in all images. CONCLUSIONS: CS 9000 3D presented better performance than OP300 on VRF detection of endodontically treated teeth. Unrestored teeth and teeth filled with fiberglass posts were considered the groups with the lowest artifact interference and the highest VRF detection results.

Is infrared thermography effective in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific efficacy of infrared thermography (IT) on the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). STUDY DESIGN: An electronic search was performed in 8 databases for publications up to May 2018. Additionally, a hand search of the reference lists was conducted. There were no restrictions on language or on year of publication. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, reviewed the abstract information, and assessed the quality. The methodology of the included articles was evaluated by using the QUADAS-2 tool. RESULTS: Nine studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Four studies concluded that IT presents low accuracy or is not an accurate instrument for TMD diagnosis, but there was substantial variation in sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curve values. Five studies concluded that IT appears to be promising or may be a complementary diagnostic aid in the evaluation of TMDs. These studies presented sensitivity values ranging from 70% to 90% and specificity values ranging from 62% to 92%. All studies were judged as being "at risk of bias" and as having "concerns regarding applicability." CONCLUSIONS: The literature is still lacking in sufficient number of studies regarding the reliability of IT for the diagnosis of TMDs.

Perfil dos concluintes de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba / Profile of Dental graduates at the State University of Paraiba

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar o perfil sociodemográfico dos estudantes do último ano de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB) em 2016, os motivos que os levaram a optar pela Odontologia, a satisfação com o curso, bem como suas perspectivas de trabalho e de pósgraduação. A amostra foi constituída por 60 estudantes, que responderam a um questionário semiestruturado dividido em três blocos: perfil sociodemográfico; curso de graduação em Odontologia; e perspectivas de atuação profissional e de pós-graduação. Os resultados mostraram um predomínio de mulheres, jovens, solteiras, sem filhos, naturais do estado da Paraíba, com renda familiar mensal de 3 a 5 salários mínimos e sem familiares atuando como cirurgiões-dentistas. Seus pais apresentavam ensino médio ou superior completos e estavam inseridos no mercado de trabalho. Mais de 90% mostrou-se satisfeito com a opção pela Odontologia. Os motivos que os levaram a optar pela profissão foram a realização pessoal e profissional, seguida pelo interesse em atuar na comunidade. Cerca de 40% dos estudantes referiram reprovação e poucos referiram trancamento de matrícula no curso por algum período. Cerca de 80% dos estudantes avaliaram o curso como bom ou ótimo e consideram adequado o tempo de graduação de cinco anos. Pretendem trabalhar tanto no serviço público quanto no privado e fazer pós-graduação. Os achados permitiram identificar o perfil do formando em Odontologia da UEPB em 2016. Recomenda-se o acompanhamento permanente dos formandos como um importante instrumento de monitoramento de seu perfil e do desenvolvimento do currículo (AU).

The purpose of this study was to identify the sociodemographic profile of the Dental graduates at the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), in 2016, the reasons that led them to opt for Dentistry, satisfaction with the course, as well as their perspectives of work and postgraduation. The sample was constituted by 60 students, who filled a semistructured questionnaire divided into three blocks: sociodemographic profile of the students; degree course in Dentistry; professional and postgraduate perspectives. The results showed a predominance of female, young, single, childless, originally from Paraíba, with monthly family income of 3 to 5 minimum wages and without a presence of dentists in the family. Their parents have either finished high school or higher education and are currently working. More than 90% were satisfied for choosing dentistry. The reasons that made them choose this profession were mainly the professional performance and personal satisfaction, followed by the interest of working in the community. Approximately 40% of the students reported disapproval and few reported dropping classes, consequently not attending the courses for a semester or more. Approximately 80% of the students evaluated the course as good or excellent and considered the graduation time of five years as appropriate. The students intend to work both in the public service and in private practice and do postgraduate studies. The findings made it possible to identify the profile of the Dental graduates at UEPB, in 2016. It is recommended the permanent accompaniment of the trainees as an essential monitoring instrument of the students and the curriculum (AU).

The effect of different exposure parameters on proximal caries detection using the Kodak 9000 3D CBCT system / Efeito de diferentes parâmetros de exposição na detecção de cáries proximais usando o sistema Kodak 9000 3D TCFC

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of study was to evaluate the diagnostic quality of CBCT images for caries lesions detection using different exposure parameters. Methods: Sixty extracted human teeth were selected and scanned using Kodak 9000 3D CBCT system, with the following exposure parameters combinations: 74 kV, 10mA; 74 kV, 12mA; 74 kV, 8 mA; 70 kV, 10 mA; 70kV, 12 mA; 70 kV e 8 mA; 70 kV, 6.3 mA. Two observers evaluated the images for caries presence using CS 3D Imaging Software. Each observer scored the proximal surfaces of each tooth on a 5-point scale. The scores were compared to histological sections used as gold standard. Accuracy for caries lesion detection was assessed for each exposure parameter combination and evaluated by means of ROC curve analysis. Results: The mean values for the areas under the ROC curves for each exposure parameter combination varied from 0.35 to 0.60. There was no statistical significant difference among protocols 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. However, protocols 3 and 5 differed from all protocols. Conclusion: Although the highest dose protocol was the most efficient for proximal caries detection, the lowest dose protocol should be chosen based on the ALADA principle.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de diagnóstico de imagens de TCFC para detecção de lesões de cárie utilizando parâmetros de exposição diferentes. Métodos: Sessenta dentes humanos extraídos foram selecionados e digitalizados usando o sistema Kodak 9000 3D TCFC, com as seguintes combinações de parâmetros de exposição: 74 kV, 10 mA; 74 kV, 12 mA; 74 kV, 8 mA70 kV, 10 mA; 70 kV, 12 mA; 70 kV e 8 mA; 70 kV, 6,3 mA. Dois observadores avaliaram as imagens para a presença de cárie utilizando o CS 3D Imaging Software. Cada observador pontuou as superfícies proximais de cada dente em uma escala de 5 pontos. Os escores foram comparados com cortes histológicos, utilizados como padrão-ouro. A precisão para detecção de lesões de cárie foi analisada para cada combinação de parâmetros de exposição e avaliada por meio de análise da curva ROC. Resultados: Os valores médios para as áreas sob as curvas ROC para cada combinação de parâmetro de exposição variou de 0,35-0,60. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os protocolos 1, 2, 4, 6 e 7. No entanto, os protocolos 3 e 5 diferem de todos os protocolos. Conclusão: Embora o protocolo de dose mais elevada foi o mais eficiente para a detecção da cárie proximal, o protocolo de dose mais baixa deverá ser escolhido com base no princípio ALADA.

Antibiofilm Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Disinfectant Chloramine T on Candida spp., and Its Toxicity against Human Cells.

We evaluated the antifungal and anti-biofilm activity, mechanism of action and cytotoxicity of chloramine T trihydrate (CAT) against Candida spp. The Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentrations (MIC/MFC) of CAT were determined. Changes in CAT-treated C. albicans growth kinetics and micromorphology were evaluated, as well as the mechanism of action, and its effects on biofilm. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the hemolysis method. The data were analyzed by inferential statistics (p ≤ 0.05). CAT showed antifungal activity against all strains, with MIC values ranging between 1.38 and 5.54 mmol/L (MIC75%: 2.77 mmol/L). CAT demonstrated an immediate and sustained action on C. albicans growth kinetics, particularly at 2 × MIC. This compound likely acts on the cell wall and membrane permeability simultaneously and was found to cause changes in C. albicans micromorphology. Tha antibiofilm activity of CAT was similar to that of sodium hypochlorite (p > 0.05) against mature biofilms. CAT was more effective than NaOCl in reducing mature biofilm upon 1-min exposure at 2 × MIC (24 h) and 4 × MIC (48 h) (p < 0.05). Toxicological analysis revealed that CAT had hemolytic activity between 61 and 67.7% as compared to 100% by NaOCl. CAT has antifungal and anti-biofilm properties, probably acting on both cell wall and membrane permeability, and showed low toxicity in vitro.

Assessment of condyle position, fossa morphology, and disk displacement in symptomatic patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether there are any associations between the morphology of the glenoid fossa, articular spaces, and disk displacement by evaluating the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of symptomatic patients. Gender and age were also evaluated for any effect on the parameters. STUDY DESIGN: MRI scans of 199 temporomandibular joints were assessed for the morphology of the glenoid fossa and articular spaces in both sagittal and coronal views. The presence of disk displacement and its type in closed-mouth and open-mouth positions were also assessed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey, and Student t tests or Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were used to investigate the associations among these variables. RESULTS: A total of 113 joints (56.8%) were presented with disk displacement. The articular spaces observed in sagittal and coronal views were, overall, significantly larger in males than in females in 3 of the 6 spaces (superior, posterior, and central spaces). Larger superior and medial articular spaces were associated with angled glenoid fossae. Higher mean values of the articular space sizes were associated with normal disk position (P < .001), except for the anterior articular space. When displacement was identified, higher values of the articular space sizes were also associated with disk reduction in the open-mouth position (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Condyles in the central position in the coronal view and slightly anteriorly positioned in the sagittal view are less likely to present disk displacement.

Antifungal activity, mode of action and anti-biofilm effects of Laurus nobilis Linnaeus essential oil against Candida spp.

OBJECTIVE: The present study demonstrated the antifungal potential of the chemically characterized essential oil (EO) of Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) against Candida spp. biofilm adhesion and formation, and further established its mode of action on C. albicans. METHODS: L. nobilis EO was obtained and tested for its minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MIC/MFC) against Candida spp., as well as for interaction with cell wall biosynthesis and membrane ionic permeability. Then we evaluated its effects on the adhesion, formation, and reduction of 48hC. albicans biofilms. The EO phytochemical profile was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS: The MIC and MFC values of the EO ranged from (250 to 500) µg/mL. The MIC values increased in the presence of sorbitol (osmotic protector) and ergosterol, which indicates that the EO may affect cell wall biosynthesis and membrane ionic permeability, respectively. At 2 MIC the EO disrupted initial adhesion of C. albicans biofilms (p<0.05) and affected biofilm formation with no difference compared to nystatin (p>0.05). When applied for 1min, every 8h, for 24h and 48h, the EO reduced the amount of C. albicans mature biofilm with no difference in relation to nystatin (p>0.05). The phytochemical analysis identified isoeugenol as the major compound (53.49%) in the sample. CONCLUSIONS: L. nobilis EO has antifungal activity probably due to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in its composition. This EO may affect cell wall biosynthesis and membrane permeability, and showed deleterious effects against C. albicans biofilms.

The effect of two enhancement tools on the assessment of the relationship between third molars and the inferior alveolar canal.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the relationship between the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and inferior third molars using digital panoramic images (DPI) with and without enhancement and compare the panoramic signs with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings. METHODS: The DPIs and CBCT of 50 patients were analyzed. The DPIs were copied and enhanced using edge enhancement and an invert tool and then analyzed by two observers using the scores: darkening of the root; deflection of the root; narrowing of the root; superimposition of the root; bifurcation of the root over the IAC; diversion of the IAC; interruption of the cortex of the IAC, and no radiographic findings noted. Kappa and exact binominal tests were used to analyze the correlation between DPIs and CBCT images. The intimate relationship scores were evaluated using a t-test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The original DPIs, and the edge enhanced and invert tool images produced kappa coefficients of 0.528, 0.528 and 0.551, respectively. There was no difference among the methods evaluated in this study (p = 0.981). CONCLUSION: Similar agreement was observed between DPIs with and without enhancement. However, panoramic radiography is not the ideal method to analyze the relationship between lower third molars and the IAC.

Ocorrência de injúrias orofaciais em praticantes de esportes de luta / Orofacial injuries in combat sports practitioners

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de lesões orofaciais em praticantes de esportes de luta. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, com abordagem indutiva e técnica de pesquisa a observação direta extensiva. A amostra do tipo não probabilística foi composta por 85 praticantes de esportes de luta matriculados em academias de Campina Grande-PB. Os dados foram coletados mediante a aplicação de um questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, dicotômicas e de múltipla escolha. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, número e tipo de esporte praticado, importância e uso do protetor bucal, tipo de protetor bucal (pré-fabricado, termoplástico ou confeccionado pelo cirurgião-dentista), ocorrência de lesão associada à prática esportiva, região acometida e injúria na cavidade bucal. Os dados foram apresentados por meio da estatística descritiva. Para a análise bivariada utilizou-se os testes Exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado (p menor que 0,05%). Resultados: A maioria dos atletas eram homens (76,5%), sendo a média de idade de 27,4 anos (±8,7). Quanto ao número de esportes, observou-se que a maioria fazia um único esporte de luta (90,6%). No que concerne ao tipo de esporte, verificou-se um predomínio do boxe (46,2%), seguido do Jiu-Jitsu (25,8%). A quase totalidade dos indivíduos (95,3%) afirmou conhecer a importância dos protetores bucais, porém apenas 41,7% relataram utilizá-lo, durante a prática esportiva existindo diferença estatisticamente significante entre o uso e o sexo do atleta (P=0,023). O tipo de protetor bucal mais utilizado foi o termoplástico (51,4%). Com relação à ocorrência de lesões nas distintas regiões do corpo, 43,5% afirmaram ter sofrido injúrias, existindo associação entre o sexo e a presença de lesão (P=0,002). Lesões na cavidade bucal foram reportadas por 16,5% dos praticantes, sendo todos do sexo masculino, existindo, portanto, associação estatisticamente significante entre o sexo e a presença de lesões na cavidade bucal (P=0,016). Conclusão: Há um predomínio do sexo masculino entre os atletas de esportes de luta, porém nem todos fazem uso dos protetores bucais durante a prática esportiva, apesar da alta ocorrência de injúrias nas regiões da cabeça e face. As lesões na cavidade bucal apresentaram uma baixa frequência nesses desportistas.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of orofacial injuries among combat sports practitioners. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a sample of 85 combat sports practitioners from fitness gyms in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The data were collected using a questionnaire applied to the participants and referred to gender, age, type and number of the practiced sports, importance and use of mouthguard, type of mouthguard, occurrence of injuries related to sports practice, affected region, and oral injury. The data were processed by Epi Info 3.5.1 software and presented by descriptive statistics. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests were employed for bivariate analysis (p less than 0.05). Results: Most athletes were men (76.5%) and the mean age was 27.4 ± 8.7 years. The prevailing sports practices were boxing (46.2%) and jiu-jitsu (25.8%). Only 41.7% of the interviewers used a mouthguard during sports practice and there was a statistically significant difference for its use between the genders (p=0.023). Thermoplastic mouthguard was the most frequently used type (51.4%). Occurrence of diverse injuries in different regions of the body was reported by 43.5% of the subjects, with a statistically significant association between gender and presence of injury (p=0.002). Oral injuries were reported by 16.5% of the practitioners, all of them male, with a statistically significant association between gender and presence of oral injuries (p=0.016). Conclusion: Mouthguard is not properly used by combat sports practitioners, in spite of the high rate of injuries in the head and face region. There was a low frequency of oral injuries among these athletes.